ÓÝÌñ‡íñ‡Åé ÖˆãàÃÝ-o-WÝÇ, ʇáÖÝñ‡¾ WÝí˜à-i- A®‡á-¿ÞÀá, P‡®ÝìoP‡ HQà-P‡-Ç-|¨‡ ®Ý¿áP‡, ӇʇÞg Ó‡á«ÝÇP‡& Pˆãào ÃÝʇá-P‡êЇ¡ PÝÇíñ‡Ã‡ ÓÝʇìg¯P‡ Ÿ¨‡áQWˆ Ö‡ñݤÇá ʇááS. Cí©®‡ Ev‡á² i‰Çˆ¿á, Aǹºà P‡v‡ÈWˆ Ó‡Ëáే¨‡ ±‡âor WÝÅʇá Pˆãào¨‡‰È 1894®ˆà ʈáà 1Ã‡í¨‡á ÃÝʇáP‡êЇ¡ PÝÇíñ‡ g¯Ô¨‡Ã‡á. ñ‡í¨ˆ ͈àЇPÝÇíñ‡, ñÝÀá ÆQÒš¾à. Gíoá W‡ív‡á, GÇv‡á Öˆ|ᡠʇáP‡RÙ‡ P‡áoáíŸ-¨‡‰È ÃÝʇá-P‡êЇ¡ ×Ä-¿áÇá. Pˆãào-¨‡‰È ±ÝÅ¥‡-ËáP‡, P‡áí¨Ý-±‡â-Ç-¨‡‰È ±èÅy‡-Î-P‡Ò| ±‡vˆ¨‡ ÃÝʇáP‡êЇ¡ ʇá¨ÝÅ-Ô-®‡‰È ¹.G. ±‡¨‡Ë ±‡vˆ¨‡Ã‡á. ʇááí¸ˆç-¿á‰È PÝ®‡ã®‡á P‡È¿ááÊÝW‡ ÎP‡ÒP‡ ʇ꣤-¿á®‡ã° ʇÞw-ܨ‡Ã‡á. WÝí˜à-i-¿á-ʇ-Ç®‡á° BWÝW‡ PÝ|áʇ Aʇ-PÝ-͇ AʇÄXñ‡á¤. ¸ÝÆ-W‡íWÝ-«‡Ã‡ £Æ-P‡Ã‡ ‘Ó‡Ì-ÃÝ-g ®‡®‡° g®‡¾-Ô¨‡œ Ö‡P‡áR. A¨‡®‡á° ±‡vˆ¨ˆà ±‡vˆ-¿áá-ʈ’ GíŸ Ó‡¾Ã‡-~à¿á Ó‡í¨ˆà͇ PˆàÙ‡áʇ »ÝW‡Âʇä AʇǨÝXñ‡á¤. ʇááí¸ˆç Ӈʈäàìa‡f ®Ý¿Þ-Æ-¿á¨‡ P‡ÇÝ-±‡-W‡-Ù‡®‡á° ËàQÒÔ, ±Ýíw-ñ‡Â ±‡ä|ì ʇQà-ÆÇ ÊÝW‡áÂ-¨‡œ-W‡-Ù‡®‡á° BÈ-Ó‡á-£¤-ܨ‡Ã‡á. 1919 g®‡-ʇ-Ä-¿á‰È ʇáíW‡-Ù‡ã-Ç‰È ʇQàÈ Ê‡ê£¤ BÇí¼Ô¨‡Ã‡á. A¨ˆà PÝÆPˆR, BÇ ӇʇÞg a‡Ù‡Ê‡-Ú AʇÇ®‡á° BP‡ÑìÔñ‡á. Aí©®‡ ±‡ÅÔ¨‡œ ʇQà-Æ-ÃÝ-Xܨ‡ EÙÝÛÆ P‡êЇ¡-»‡-orÇ ×ñ‡¤-È®‡ 60 ÓˆíoáÕ hÝW‡-ʇ®‡á° ¨Ý®‡-ÊÝX ±‡vˆ¨‡á, Eñ‡¤Ã‡ »ÝÇ-ñ‡PˆR ñˆÃ‡Ú «‡®‡ -Ó‡íW‡ÅÖ‡ ʇÞw BÇ ӇʇÞgPÝRX P‡orv‡ ¯Ëáì-Ô-¨‡Ã‡á. ʇááí¨ˆ ÓÝÌËá ͇Ũݜ-®‡í¨‡ A®Ý-¥Ý-Æ¿á- Óݧ²-Ô-¨‡Ã‡á. ®‡W‡-Ç-Ó‡-»ˆ¿á Ó‡¨‡-Ó‡Â-ÃÝ-¨ÝW‡ D P‡or-v‡¨‡ ʇááí¨ˆ Öݨ‡á-Öˆãà-W‡áʇ Çӈ¤Wˆ ‘BÇ ӇʇÞg Çӈ¤’ Gí¨‡á ®Ýʇá-P‡-Ç| ʇÞw-Ô-¨‡Ã‡á. iàË-ñÝ-ʇ-˜¿á Pˆã®ˆ-¿á-ʇ-ÈW‡ã ±‡Å£-ʇ-Їìʇä BÇ ӇʇÞ-gPˆR ¨ˆà~Wˆ Pˆãv‡á-£¤-ܨ‡Ã‡á. WÝí˜à-i-¿á-ʇÇ AÓ‡-Ö‡-PÝÇ a‡Ù‡-ʇ-Ú¿á »ÝX-¿ÞX PÝÇíñ‡Ã‡á ʇQàÈ Ê‡ê£¤ ñˆãÈ-¨‡Ã‡á. Eñ‡¤Ê‡á Ÿpˆr-W‡-Ù‡®‡á° ʇáíW‡-Ù‡ãÇá ʈáç¨Ý-®‡-¨‡‰È WÝí˜à-i-¿á-ʇÇ ŸêÖ‡ñ… Ó‡»ˆ-¿á‰È ¸ˆíQWˆ ÖÝQ-¨‡Ã‡á. Aí¨‡á ñˆãor TÝ© Ÿpˆr «‡Ä-Ó‡áʇ ʇÅñ‡Ê‡®‡á° iàʇ®‡-±‡-¿áìíñ‡ A®‡á-Ó‡-Ä-Ô-ܨ‡Ã‡á. 1925Ç‰È ʇáíW‡-Ù‡ãÃ‡á ®‡W‡-Ç-Ó‡-»ˆWˆ a‡á®Ý-Àáñ‡ Ó‡¨‡-Ó‡Â-ÃÝ-¨‡Ã‡á. B ŸÚ-P‡Ê‡ä A®ˆàP‡ Ó‡Æ a‡á®Ý-Àá-ñ‡-ÃÝ-¨‡Ã‡á. 1928Ç‰È ʇáíW‡-Ù‡ãÇá pè®… ±ÝɯíW… ¯àÈ®‡-PÝ͈ ¨ÝS-È-Ô-¨‡Ã‡á. 1937Ç ñ‡®‡P‡ ®‡W‡-Ç-Ó‡-»ˆ¿á Ó‡¨‡-Ó‡Â-ÃÝXܨ‡Ã‡á. 1926&30Ç Aʇ-˜-¿á‰È Ë«Ý-®‡-±‡-Ä-Ї-£¤Wˆ PÝíWˆÅÓ… ±‡P‡Ò¨‡ ʇ£-Àáí¨‡ G¨‡á-ÃÝÚ P‡Ê‡á-ÇÝ-¨ˆàË a‡pˆãrà-±Ý-«ÝÂ-¿á-Ç®‡á° ÓˆãàÈÔܨ‡Ã‡á. 1937Ç ʇáÖÝ-a‡á-®Ý-ʇ-Oˆ-¿á‰È ±‡âñ‡ã¤Ã‡á&PÝÓ‡-Ç-Wˆãàv‡á PˆÒàñ‡Å-¨‡‰È ʇá¨ÝÅÓ… ÍÝÓ‡-®‡-Ó‡-»ˆWˆ Ó‡¨‡-Ó‡Â-ÃÝX PÝÇíñ‡Ã‡á BÁáR¿Þ¨‡Ã‡á. Aí©®‡ ʇááSÂ-ʇáí£Å- Ô.ÃÝg-Wˆãà-±Ý-ÇÝ-aÝ-Ä-¿á-ʇÇá ÃÝʇá-P‡êЇ¡ PÝÇíñ‡-Ç®‡á° ±ÝÈì-ʈáíoÄ ÓˆPˆÅ-o-Ä-¿ÞX ÓˆàË-Ô-¨‡Ã‡á. ÃÝhÝ-i-¿á-ʇÇá Ó‡Ä-¿Þ¨‡ PˆÆ-Ó‡-ʇ®‡á° Pˆãv‡¨ˆà Cܨ‡á-¨‡-Äí¨‡ ¸ˆàÓ‡ñ‡¤ PÝÇíñ‡Ã‡á ñ‡Ê‡á¾ Ö‡áܨˆ-¿á®‡á° ñ‡Âi-Ô-¨‡Ã‡á. 1940Ç‰È ÓÝÌñ‡íñ‡Åé a‡Ù‡Ê‡-Ú-¿á‰È ñˆãv‡-X-Ô-Pˆãív‡á, ӈÈ-ʇᮈ ÊÝÓ‡ A®‡á-»‡-Ë-Ô-¨‡Ã‡á. ¨‡ãÇ-¨‡-Îìñ‡Ì, ËÍÝÆ Ê‡á®ˆãà-«‡Ê‡áì 1942Ç BW‡Ó…r 9Ã‡í¨‡á ʇááí¸ˆç-¿á‰È QÌp… Cíw¿Þ ¯|ì¿á AíXà-P‡-Ä-Ô¨‡ ñ‡P‡Ò-|ʈà ʇáíW‡-Ù‡ã-Ç‰È PÝÇíñ‡Ã‡ Ÿí«‡-®‡-ÊÝ-Àáñ‡á. 1944 wÓˆíŸÃ… 30Ã‡í¨‡á PÝÇíñ‡-Çá hˆçÈ¯í¨‡ ¹v‡á-W‡-vˆ-¿Þ¨ÝW‡ Ӈʇá¿á ʇá«ÝÂÖ‡° Jí¨‡á W‡ípˆ; A¨ˆà Ӈʇá-¿á-¨‡‰È AʇÇ ñÝÀá ¯«‡-®‡-ÃÝ-X-ܨ‡Ã‡á. q.±‡ÅPÝ͇í 1946Ç‰È ʇááSÂ-ʇáí£Å-¿Þ-¨ÝW‡ PÝÇíñ‡Ã‡á P‡í¨Ý¿á ʇáí£Å-W‡-ÙÝ-¨‡Ã‡á. Ó‡bʇÃÝX, ¨ˆà͇-¨‡‰Çˆà ±‡Å±‡Å-¥‡Ê‡á »‡ãÓ‡á-«Ý-ÇOÝ PÝÁ᪠hÝÄWˆ ñ‡í¨‡á gËáà-®‡á-¨ÝÄ ±‡¨‡œ£ ¯Ê‡áãì-Æ®‡WˆãÚ-Ó‡Æá PÝÇíñ‡Ã‡á ¿á£°-Ô-ܨ‡Ã‡á. 1947 ʇÞa…ì 24Ã‡í¨‡á Ó‡PÝì-Ç ±‡ñ‡®‡WˆãívÝW‡ PÝÇíñ‡Ã‡á ÃÝià-®Ý-ʈá-Àá-ñ‡¤Ã‡á. 1951Ç ŸÚP‡ PÝíWˆÅÓ… ñˆãȨ‡á BaÝ¿áì P‡ê±‡-Çݯ ÖˆãÇ-Ÿí©-ܨ‡Ã‡á. PÝÇíñ‡Ã‡á ±‡ÅPÝ͇í ʇááíñÝ-¨‡-ʇÇ Ó‡ÖÝ¿á ±‡vˆ¨‡á ‘P‡ê-ÑP‡ ʇág-¨‡ãÇ ±‡P‡Ò’ P‡qr-¨‡Ã‡á. A¨‡á ʇááí¨ˆ ±‡ÅhÝ- Óˆãà-Î-¿á-ÈÓ…r ±‡P‡Ò BÀáñ‡á. ËÍÝÆ P‡®ÝìoP‡¨‡ ʇᮇӇáÕ »ÝÐÝ AƳ-Ó‡íTÝÂ-ñ‡-ñ‡®‡¨‡ ¹Ô PÝÇíñ‡-ÄWˆ 1926Äí¨‡Çˆà ñÝXܨ‡-Äí¨‡ AʇÇá P‡®Ýì-oP‡ HQà-P‡-Ç-|¨‡ P‡®‡Ó‡á P‡ív‡Ã‡á. P‡®Ýì-o-P‡-¨Ý-¨‡Âíñ‡ ÖˆãàÃÝ-o¨‡ ±‡¥‡ ¯Ëáì-Ô-¨‡Ã‡á. ʇáíW‡-Ù‡ã-Ä-®‡‰È Pˆ.¹.i®‡-ÃÝg ÖˆWˆx-¿á-ʇÇá PÝÇíñ‡-ÄWˆ HQà-P‡-Ç-|-PÝRX Ó‡Ö‡-±Ý-t-¿Þ-X-ܨ‡Ã‡á. 1956 ®‡ÊˆíŸÃ… 1Ã‡í¨‡á ÃÝg¨‡ HQàP‡Ã‡|Êݨ‡Ã‡ã& P‡®‡°v‡ »ÝЈ ʇÞñ‡ê-»Ý-Ј-¿Þ-Xܨ‡ PÝÓ‡-Ç-Wˆãàv‡á, ¸ˆÙ‡-WÝ-Ë¿á PˆÆ ±‡Å¨ˆà͇, A®‡íñ‡-±‡âÇ i‰Çˆ¿á ʇáv‡-P‡-ÎÃÝ ñ݉ÆãP‡á, Pˆã¿áʇá-ñ‡ã¤-Ä®‡ ñ‡Ù‡-P‡-ÊÝw ʇááíñݨ‡ ±‡Å¨ˆà-͇¨‡ g®‡-Ó‡-ʇáá-¨Ý-¿á¨‡ ®ˆãàʇ®‡á° PÝÇíñ‡Ã‡á ŸÖ‡Ù‡ ʈਇ-®Ý-ʇá¿á Ó‡íW‡-£-Ááí©-ܨÝÈ. ÃÝʇá-P‡êЇ¡ PÝÇíñ‡Ã‡á ®Ý¿áʇáã£ì ʈáÖ‡-Ã…-a‡í¨… ʇáÖÝ-g®… BÁãà-W‡-¨ˆ-¨‡áÇá ÊÝ©Ô, ʇáÖÝ-g®… ʇÇ-©-¿á‰ÇÝ-¨‡Ã‡ã P‡®‡°v‡ g®‡-ñˆWˆ ®ÝÂ¿á ¨ˆãÇ-P‡-Ÿ-Ö‡á-¨ˆíŸ B͇¿á Öˆãí©-ܨ‡Ã‡á. iàË-ñÝ-ʇ-˜¿á Pˆã®ˆ¿áʇÈW‡ã PÝÓ‡-Ç-Wˆãàv‡á i‰Çˆ PˆàÇ-Ù‡-©í¨‡ P‡®Ýì-oP‡ ÃÝgÂ-PˆR ×í£-ÇáX ӈేì-vˆ-Wˆã-Ù‡ÛÆá ±‡ñ‡Å ʇÂʇ-ÖÝÇ ʇÞv‡á-ñ‡¤Çˆà Cܨ‡Ã‡á. PÝÇíñ‡Ã‡á BÇw Gñ‡¤-Ǩ‡ «‡êv‡-PÝ¿á. ±‡Å£-©-®‡Ê‡ä pˆ¯°Ó… Bv‡á-£¤-ܨ‡Ã‡á. PÝ®‡ã®‡á ±‡âÓ‡¤-P‡-W‡-Ù‡á ÖÝW‡ã ˨ˆàÎ ±‡£Å-Pˆ-W‡-Ù‡®‡á° K¨‡á-ʇ⨇á, ±‡ÅÊÝÓ‡ Aʇ-ÄWˆ Aa‡ác-ʈá-aÝc-Xñ‡á¤. 1951Ç‰È ¿ááÈãà±…&CíWˆÉív… ±‡ÅÊÝÓ‡ PˆçWˆãíwܨ‡Ã‡á. ‘Ë-aÝ-Ç-ÊÝ-~’ ÊÝÇ-±‡-£Å-Pˆ-¿á®‡á° HQàP‡Ã‡-|¨‡ ʇááS-ÊÝ-~-¿ÞX ÃÝhˆãÂà-ñ‡Õ-ʇ¨‡ ñ‡®‡-P‡Ê‡ä ±‡ÅP‡-q-Ô-ܨ‡Ã‡á. ±‡ÅhÝ -Óˆãà-Î-¿á-ÈÓ…r ±‡P‡Ò¨‡ ŸWˆY¿áã AW‡Å-Ljà-S-®‡-W‡-Ù‡®‡á° ŸÃˆ-¿áá-£¤-ܨ‡Ã‡á. ʇááP‡¤ ÓÝÌñ‡íñ‡Åé-PÝRX ÖˆãàÃÝ-w¿áã ñ‡áñ‡áì ±‡ÄÔ§£¿á®‡á° G¨‡áÄÓ‡áʇ ¨‡áÔ§-£ Ÿíñ‡-‰Æ G®‡á°Ê‡â¨‡á AʇÇ Tˆà¨‡ÊÝXñ‡á¤. 1967Ç ŸÚP‡ Aʇ-Ãˆí¨‡ã a‡á®Ý-ʇ-OˆWˆ Ó‡³˜ì-Ó‡-ȉÆ. aÝÄ-ñ‡Åé-ʇâÙ‡Û Pˆ.BÃ…. PÝÇíñ‡Ã‡á ‘¨ˆãv‡x PÝÇíñ‡-Çá’! Aʇ-Ǩ‡á ¨ˆãv‡x ¨ÝÄ, ¨ˆãv‡x ʇᮇӇáÕ! P‡®Ýì-oP‡ P‡®‡Ó‡á! P‡®‡°v‡ ʇᮇӇáÕ!! (Ó‡íW‡ÅÖ‡)