ÃÝЇó-«‡-ʇá쨇 ËÍÝÆ ñ‡Ù‡-Ö‡-©¿á Aw-¿á-‰È P‡®‡°-w-W‡-Ç®‡á° »èWˆãà-È-P‡-ÊÝX ÖÝW‡ã Bv‡-Ú-ñÝ-ñ‡¾-P‡-ÊÝ-X Jí¨‡á-W‡ã-w-Ó‡-¸ˆà-PˆíŸ P‡®‡Ó‡á P‡ív‡-ʇÇá BÆãÇá ʈíP‡-o-ÃÝ¿áÇá (1880&1964). P‡®Ýì-o-P‡Ê‡â ʈáçñÝÙ‡áʇ ʈ㨇-È®‡ C£-ÖÝ-Ó‡-¨‡‰È ŸÃ‡áʇ £Ã‡á-ʇâ-W‡ÚWˆ, ©P‡áR-W‡-ÚWˆ, ʇÞW‡ì-¨‡-͇ì-®‡-ʇ®‡á° ¯àv‡áʇ gÇãÇñ‡á¤ Ÿí¨ÝW‡ C£-ÖÝÓ‡ ±‡âÇá-Ð‡Ã‡á ŸÃ‡á-ʇíñˆ ʈíP‡o-ÃÝ-¿áÇá g®‡¾ñÝÚ-¨‡Ã‡á. P‡®Ýì-oP‡ HQà-P‡-Ç|¨‡ C£ÖÝÓ‡¨‡‰È AʇÄWˆ ‘P‡áƱ‡âÈãà×ñ‡’ÃˆíŸ WèÇʇ A®‡Ì¥‡ìP‡ AЈrà A‰Æ Aʇ͇Âʇä Ö訇á.

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AʇǨˆà ʇޣ®‡‰È ÖˆàÙ‡áʇâ¨Ý¨‡Ãˆ AʇÄWÝW‡ P‡®ÝìoP‡¨ˆàË¿á ¨‡Í‡ì®‡ÊÝÀáñ‡á. Ö‡®ˆ°Ã‡v‡á ʇЇìW‡Ù‡ PÝÆ¨‡ Ó‡ñ‡ñ‡ ±‡ÅÊÝÓ‡, A»ÝÂÓ‡, bíñ‡®ˆW‡Ù‡ ´‡ÆÊÝX P‡®ÝìoP‡¨‡ ʈãñ‡¤Êˆã¨‡Æ C£ÖÝÓ‡ ‘P‡®ÝìoP‡ W‡ñ‡Êˆç»‡Ê‡’ g®‡ñˆ¿á ʇááí¨ˆ Ÿí©ñ‡á.
‘1917Ç‰È ±‡ÅP‡oÊݨ‡ ‘P‡®ÝìoP‡ W‡ñ‡Êˆç»‡Ê‡’ Jí¨‡¥‡ì¨‡‰È ¿ááW‡ ±‡Åʇñ‡ìP‡ P‡ê£. ͇ñ‡Í‡ñ‡Ê‡Þ®‡©í¨‡ ֈÇʇÇ ñˆãñݤX Ó‡Ìíñ‡¨‡ AÄʇ®‡á° P‡Ùˆ¨‡áPˆãív‡á Ӈ᱇¤ÊÝXܨ‡ P‡®‡°wW‡Ã‡ gv‡Êݨ‡ P‡|¡®‡á° C®‡ã° AW‡ÆÊÝX ñˆÃˆÀáÔñ‡á. ËÍÝÆÊݨ‡ ®ˆãàoʇ®‡á° Pˆãqrñ‡á’ G®‡á°Ê‡ Çí.ÎÅà. ʇááW‡Ú AʇÇ ʇÞñ‡áW‡Ù‡‰È A£Í‡ÁãàQ¤Ááஇã C‰Æ.
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BÆãÇÇá ñ‡Ê‡á¾ W‡Åí¥‡W‡Ù‡ ʇáãÆP‡ P‡®‡°wW‡Ã‡ A¼Ê‡Þ®‡Ê‡®‡á° PˆÃ‡ÚÔ, AʇÇ ¯Ñð¿áñˆWÝX dˆàwÔ, P‡®ÝìoP‡ HQàP‡Ã‡|¨‡ ÓÝ«‡®ˆWˆ ñ‡P‡R ÊÝñÝʇÇ| ¯ËáìÔ¨‡Ã‡á. P‡®ÝìoP‡Ê‡Ðˆrà A‰Æ, Cwà ¨ˆà͇¨‡ ñ‡áíŸ P‡®ÝìoP‡¨‡ ŸWˆY hÝW‡ê£¿á®‡á°íoá ʇÞv‡áʇ⨇PÝRX A±‡äʇì P‡Åʇáʈäí¨‡®‡á° PˆçWˆãív‡Ã‡á. A¨ˆí¨‡Ãˆ, Ëg¿á®‡W‡Ã‡ ÓݾÇPˆãàñ‡Õʇ.
D Eñ‡Õʇ¨‡ Eܨˆà͇W‡Ù‡á ʇááSÂÊÝX GÇv‡á: ÃÝÑóà¿áñ‡Ìʇ®‡ã° P‡®ÝìoP‡ñ‡Ìʇ®‡ã° P‡®‡°wW‡Ã‡‰È hÝW‡êñ‡WˆãÚÓ‡áʇ⨇á ʈ㨇Ʈˆ¿á¨‡á; ʇáÈñ‡áÖˆãਇ Ëg¿á®‡W‡Ã‡ ÓÝʇÞÅg¨‡ C£ÖÝӇʇ®‡á° E¨ÝœÃ‡ ʇÞv‡áʇ⨇á GÇv‡®ˆ¿á¨‡á. Ëg¿á®‡W‡Ã‡ Óݧ±‡®ˆWˆ 600 ʇЇìW‡Ù‡á ñ‡áí¹¨‡ Ó‡í¨‡»‡ì¨‡‰È Ö‡Ëá¾Pˆãív‡ D Eñ‡Õʇ¨‡‰È Bí«‡Å, ñ‡ËáÙ‡á®Ýv‡á, ʇáÖÝÃÝЇó ÖÝW‡ã Eñ‡¤Ã‡ »ÝÇñ‡¨‡ ±‡Å£¯˜W‡Ù‡ã »ÝW‡Ê‡×Ôܨ‡á¨‡á Ë͈àЇ.
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ñ‡Ê‡á¾ ±‡Ã‡Êˆãàa‡f W‡áĿި‡ HQàP‡Ã‡| ÓݘӇÆá BÆãÇÄWˆ C£ÖÝÓ‡ A¨‡á½ñ‡Êݨ‡ ÓÝ«‡®‡Êˆ¯Ôñ‡á, CʇÇ ×Ä¿á ӇʇáPÝÈஇÃݨ‡ ÃÝ.Ö‡. ¨ˆà͇±Ýívˆ P‡®‡°v‡ »ÝЈ¿á ©à®‡Ô§£ ¨‡ãÇʇÞv‡áʇâ-¨‡-PÝRX 1890Ç‰È Óݧ²Ô¨‡ ‘P‡®ÝìoP‡ ˨ÝÂʇ«‡ìP‡ Ó‡íZ’ BÆãÇÇ PÝ¿áì a‡oáʇqPˆW‡ÚWˆ ʈà©Pˆ¿ÞÀáñ‡á. CŸºÃ‡ã Ӈʇޮ‡Ê‡ÂÓ‡¯W‡Ù‡á. BÆãÇÇá P‡®ÝìoP‡¨‡ »èWˆãàÈP‡ HQàP‡Ã‡|PˆR ͇ÅËáÔ¨‡Ãˆ, ¨ˆà͇±Ýívˆ ˼®‡° ±‡Å¨ˆà͇W‡Ù‡‰È ˼®‡° Äࣿá‰È aÝȤ¿á‰Èܨ‡ P‡®‡°v‡ ®‡áw¿á‰È HP‡Ã‡ã±‡ñˆ ñ‡Ã‡Æá ±‡Å¿á£°Ô¨‡Ã‡á.
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ÓÝʇìg¯P‡ PÝ¿áìP‡ñ‡ìÄWˆ ʈíP‡oÃÝ¿áÇá PˆÆÊ‡â B¨‡Í‡ìW‡Ù‡®‡á° ÖÝQPˆãqrܨÝÈ. ‘ÓÝʇìg¯P‡ iàʇ®‡Ê‡â Jí¨‡á ʇÅñ‡. ʈç¿áQ¤P‡ ÇÝ»‡, A˜PÝÇ, Qà£ì¿á BÓˆÀáí¨‡ ¨‡ãÇËǸˆàP‡á, Ó‡íÓˆ§W‡Ù‡ ÖˆÓ‡Ä¯í¨‡ ®‡vˆÔ¨‡ PˆÆÓ‡Ê‡®‡á° ʈíP‡oÃÝ¿áÇá Ó‡Ìíñ‡ ʈa‡c©í¨‡ ʇÞw¨‡Ã‡á. «‡®‡¨‡ A»Ýʇ©í¨‡ ñÝʇâ ÁãàiÔPˆãív‡ ¿Þʇ PˆÆÓ‡Ê‡®‡ã° ¹oárPˆãv‡È‰Æ. Ó‡íÓÝǨ‡ P‡Ð‡rW‡Ù‡®‡á° Ö‡ÆÊ‡â Ó‡Æ Ê‡áÈñ‡á, P‡®‡°v‡¨‡ PˆÆÓ‡ ʇááí¨‡áʇÄÔ¨‡Ã‡á. ʇQàÈ Ê‡ê£¤¿á®‡á° ¹oár «‡®Ýg쮈¿á BËáЇ Ö‡£¤QRPˆãív‡Ã‡á. CŸºÃ‡á ñ‡Ê‡á¾í©Ã‡á £àÄPˆãívÝW‡ AʇÇ GÇv‡á AíW‡wW‡Ù‡á ʇáábc C±‡³ñ‡á¤ ÓÝËÇ Çã±ÝÀá ʇááÙ‡áX¨ÝW‡Æã AʇÇá ñ‡Ê‡á¾ ÓÝʇìg¯P‡ iàʇ®‡©í¨‡ ¯Ê‡êñ‡¤ÃÝX ʇáñˆ¤ AíW‡w ñˆÃˆ¿áÆá ʇᮇӇáÕ Ê‡Þv‡È‰Æ. Ó‡Ìíñ‡ ÖˆãÆ Ê‡ÞǸˆàPÝX Ÿí¨ÝW‡Æã AЈrà. Pˆãor ¨ˆàʇÈà P‡Ô¨‡áPˆãívÝW‡ ®Ý®ˆà®‡á ʇÞv‡Æá ÓÝ«‡Â G®‡á°Ê‡ ¯Ê‡áìÊ‡á »Ýʇ AʇǨ‡á.
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‘®Ý®‡á ±‡äiÔܨ‡á P‡®ÝìoP‡¨ˆàË¿á Jv‡Ê‡áãw¨‡ ӇܨÝʇááÜ¨Ý Ê‡áã£ì. ®Ý®‡á Óݰ®‡ ʇÞwܨ‡á EW‡Ê‡á¨‡‰È, ևĨÝÌǨ‡ W‡íWˆ¿á‰È. P‡®ÝìoP‡¨ˆàË¿á ʇáí©Ã‡¨‡ ʇáÖݨÝÌǨ‡‰È ʇÞñ‡ÅÊˆà ®‡®‡° ±‡Åʈà͇ BX¨ˆ. A¨‡Ã‡ ±ÝÅPÝÇʇ®‡á° ¨Ýq, W‡»‡ìW‡áw¿á‰È Aʇه Ó‡áí¨‡Ã‡ ʇáã£ì¿á ¨‡Í‡ì®‡ ñ‡PˆãRÙ‡áÛʇ ±‡â| ʇááí©®‡Ê‡Ã‡¨‡á’.
ʈáàÈ®‡ ®‡áwW‡Ù‡á BÆãÇÇ ÖÝÈçPˆ¿á ʇÞñ‡áW‡Ù‡á. AʇÇá ÖÝÈçÔ¨‡ ±‡â|Âʇ®‡á° ¨‡QRÔPˆãÙ‡áÛʇ CaÝf͇Q¤¿á®‡á° P‡®‡°wW‡Ã‡á ±‡Å¨‡ÎìÓ‡áÊ‡â¨‡á ¸ÝQÀᨈ.